van't Hoff Factor Calculator

Calculate van't Hoff factors and colligative properties for electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions. Essential for physical chemistry and solution studies!

i = \frac{\Delta T_{observed}}{\Delta T_{expected}} • 🧪 Colligative Properties • ⚗️ Solution Chemistry • 📊 Physical Chemistry

Solution Parameters

mol solute / kg solvent

Experimental Data

Solution Visualization

Strong Electrolyte

Current Formula:

Solute Properties:

Theoretical i: 2.0 • Type: Strong electrolyte • Dissociation: Complete

Physical Constants

Kf (H₂O): 1.86 °C·kg/mol
Kb (H₂O): 0.512 °C·kg/mol
R: 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K)

van't Hoff Factor Guide

What is the van't Hoff Factor?

The van't Hoff factor (i) represents the ratio of observed colligative property to the expected property for a non-electrolyte: i = \frac{\Delta T_{observed}}{\Delta T_{expected}}

It indicates how many particles a solute produces when it dissolves in solution.

Colligative Property Formulas

  • Freezing Point Depression: \Delta T_f = i \cdot K_f \cdot m
  • Boiling Point Elevation: \Delta T_b = i \cdot K_b \cdot m
  • Osmotic Pressure: \pi = i \cdot M \cdot R \cdot T
  • Vapor Pressure Lowering: \Delta P = i \cdot X_{solute} \cdot P^0_{solvent}

Typical van't Hoff Factors

  • Non-electrolytes (glucose, sucrose): i ≈ 1.0
  • Strong 1:1 electrolytes (NaCl, HCl): i ≈ 1.8-2.0
  • Strong 1:2 electrolytes (CaCl₂, MgSO₄): i ≈ 2.7-3.0
  • Weak electrolytes (CH₃COOH): i ≈ 1.0-1.3

Factors Affecting van't Hoff Factor

  • Degree of dissociation/ionization
  • Ion pairing at high concentrations
  • Temperature effects
  • Solvent interactions
  • Activity coefficients